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John Gault
John Gault was an American entrepreneur and inventor who created the encased postage stamp. Gault used these encased postage stamps as a means to solve a coin shortage during the Civil War as well as ultimately profit from their sale.
==Encased postage stamp==
In 1862, Gault and the American population were faced with a shortage of coins.〔 The government reacted first to this problem by passing a law on July 17, 1862 that allowed postage stamps to be used to pay off debts to the government as long as they were under $5. Stamps were accepted as having value across the US because they were evidence of having paid for postage. This remedial law was only a temporary solution due to the fragile nature of a thin, paper postage stamp.〔(“Ayer’s Encased Postage.” ) 2011. Accessed 20〕 Postage stamps were easily torn and damaged when constantly handled. Gault proposed a solution to this problem in August of that year when he patented his idea of the encased postage stamp. He advertised his invention in the local newspapers as “New Metallic Currency.” His ingenuity was simple and his invention was based on the familiar roundness of coins. As suggested by its name, the encased postage stamp consisted of a postage stamp encased, or sandwiched between two covers made out of brass.〔Friedberg, Arthur. (Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ). The Coin and Currency Institute, Inc. 2006. Electronic Book.〕 Gault constructed the original postage cases out of silver in order for them to more closely resemble real coins.〔 However, Gault found that silver encased postage stamps were too expensive for him to manufacture and the case quickly lost its silver coloring because of continuous handling.〔
In both the silver and more common brass versions, he cut a hole in the front cover and this acted as a frame around the stamp. Gault placed a layer of mica between the stamp and the front cover of brass, which allowed the stamp to be visible through the covering while maintaining the integrity of the stamp.〔 Mica is a colored or transparent silicate mineral that can be easily separated into thin layers. In order to construct the final product, Gault used a button making machine to press the pieces together and ultimately fold the brass frame covering over the backing of the “coin.” Most of the encased postage stamps were sold in denominations of 5 and 10 cents. However, Gault also produced his currency all the other U. S. postal values then in production: 1, 2, 3, 12, 24, 30, and 90 cents.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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